Development of self-sustainable pyrolysis system to produce porous biochar from palm kernel shell

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Biomass is well known as a renewable and sustainable source of energy. However, the open burning of biomass for energy generation causes the release of greenhouse gases and particulate matter. Hence, this study presents a self-sustainable pyrolysis system to produce biochar with lower energy and less environmental pollution. The system simultaneously produced biochar and volatiles as primary products. The pyrolysis volatiles were then channelled back into the system and reused as burning fuel for pyrolysis operation. The system achieved a maximum temperature of 570 degrees C to convert palm kernel shell (PKS) into biochar with a high fixed carbon content of 56.5 wt% and low volatile content of 39.3 wt%. The biochar porosity of 202.2 m(2)/g and higher heating value of 27.2 MJ/kg indicate biochar has the potential to be further upgraded into low-cost adsorbent and biofuels. Overall, our findings suggested the great possibility of using pyrolysis volatiles to perform self-sustainable pyrolysis.