Applied Energy

Biochar can be used to improve the anaerobic digestion (AD) of agricultural wastes for higher methane production. However, the interaction of biochar addition with other factors of the anaerobic co-digestion (Co-AD) process has rarely been investigated. In this study, process models based on response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were compared in […]

Biochar as a prospective renewable energy candidate could be incorporated into the iron and steel production system to replace part of fossil fuels and reduce high-intensity greenhouse gas emissions. However, great uncertainties still exist on biochar’s emission reduction capacity and economic feasibility, depending on different biochar precursors, substitution scenarios, energy consumption of biochar production and […]

Abstract Bioproducts from biomass feedstocks and organic wastes have shown great potential to address challenges across food-energy-water systems. However, bioproducts production is at an early, nascent stage that requires new inventions and cost-reducing approaches to meet market needs. Biochar, a byproduct of the pyrolysis process, derived from nutrient-rich biomass feedstocks (e.g., cattle manure and poultry […]

Abstract This paper contributes to understanding the transformation of global energy trade to green energy carriers, focusing on green ammonia as the foreseeable first green hydrogen carrier. We provide a comprehensive overview of today’s ammonia trade and assess scaling options for the trade of green ammonia. To that aim, we develop an optimization model for […]

Abstract Green ammonia produced via the Power-to-Ammonia (PtA) process has the great potential to decarbonize the energy supply. The current challenge of green ammonia is the unacceptable cost compared to that produced from fossil energy, which arises owing to the low energy efficiency caused by fluctuations in renewable power and high investment costs. This study […]

Abstract Ammonia is one of the most commonly used feedstock chemicals globally. Therefore, decarbonisation of ammonia production is of high relevance towards achieving a carbon neutral energy system. This study investigates the global potential of green ammonia production from semi-flexible ammonia plants utilising a cost-optimised configuration of hybrid PV-wind power plants, as well as conversion […]

Abstract To reduce the fossil-fuel consumption and the impacts of conventional ammonia production on climate change, green ammonia production processes using green hydrogen need to be investigated. For commercial production scale, potential alternatives can be based on biomass gasification and water electrolysis via renewable energy, namely biomass- and power-to-ammonia. The former generally uses entrained flow […]

Abstract Green ammonia produced via the Power-to-Ammonia (PtA) process has the great potential to decarbonize the energy supply. The current challenge of green ammonia is the unacceptable cost compared to that produced from fossil energy, which arises owing to the low energy efficiency caused by fluctuations in renewable power and high investment costs. This study […]

Abstract Green ammonia, synthesized from air, water, and renewable energy, is a carbon-free energy storage vector with numerous potential energy applications, including dispatchable green electricity for the power sector. Due to the low cost of storing and transporting ammonia, green ammonia can be available as an energy source in all geographies, without the geological storage […]